Has tremendous importance in the history of mankind. Most of the usual goods and foodstuffs simply would not exist in our market today without these two centuries.
Background
The era of great geographical discoveries is called the period from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century AD. This term originated from the active research and expansion that took place over two hundred years. At this time, the countries of Western Europe and the Moscow kingdom significantly expanded their possessions by including new territories.
Sometimes lands were bought, less often they simply settled down, more often they had to be conquered.
Scientists today believe that the main reason for the surge in such expeditions was rivalry in the search for a shortcut to India. At the end of the Middle Ages in countries Western Europe the opinion spread that this is a very rich state.
After the Portuguese began to bring spices, gold, fabrics and jewelry from there, Castile, France and other countries began to look for alternative routes. The crusades were no longer financially satisfying, so the need arose to open up new markets.
Portuguese expeditions
As we said earlier, the era of the great geographical discoveries began with the first expeditions of the Portuguese. They, exploring the Atlantic coast of Africa, reached the Cape of Good Hope and ended up in the Indian Ocean. So the sea route to India was opened.
Prior to this, several important events took place, which led to such an expedition. In 1453 Constantinople fell. Muslims captured one of the most important Christian shrines. From now on, the way for European merchants to the east, to China and India, was barred.
But without the ambitions of the Portuguese crown, perhaps the era of great geographical discoveries would never have begun. King Athos V began searching for Christian states in southern Africa. At that time, it was believed that the forgotten Christian peoples began behind the lands of the Muslims, behind Morocco.
So the islands of Cape Verde were discovered in 1456, and a decade later they began to develop the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. Today there is the Ivory Coast.
1488 marked the beginning of the era of discovery. Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Storms (later renamed Cape of Good Hope by the king) and anchored on the coast The Pacific.
Thus, a detour to India was opened. The only problem for the Portuguese was that the journey took a year. For the rest of the monarchs, the discovery became a thorn, since according to the papal bull it was Portugal that monopolized it.
Discovery of America
Many believe that the era of great geographical discoveries began with the discovery of America. However, this was already the second stage.
The fifteenth century became a rather difficult stage for two parts modern Spain... Then these were separate kingdoms - Castile and Aragon. The first, in particular, at that time was the most powerful Mediterranean monarchy. It included the territories of southern France, southern Italy, several islands and part of the coast of North Africa.
However, the reconquest process and the war with the Arabs significantly alienated the country from geographical research. The main reason that the Castilians began to finance Christopher Columbus was the beginning of the confrontation with Portugal. This country, due to the opening of the route to India, received a monopoly on sea trade.
In addition, there was a skirmish over Canary Islands.
By the time Columbus was tired of persuading the Portuguese to equip an expedition, Castile was ready for such an adventure.
Three caravels reached Caribbean islands... On the first trip, San Salvador, parts of Haiti and Cuba were discovered. Later, several ships of workers and soldiers were transported. The original plans for mountains of gold fell through. Therefore, the systematic colonization of the population began. But we'll talk about this later, when it comes to the conquistadors.
Indian Ocean
After the return of Columbus's first expedition, a diplomatic solution to the division of spheres of influence begins. To avoid conflict, the Pope issues a document defining the Portuguese and Spanish possessions. But João II was dissatisfied with the decree. According to the bull, he lost the newly discovered lands of Brazil, which were then considered the island of Vera Cruz.
Therefore, in 1494, the Tordesillas Agreement was signed between the Castilian and Portuguese crowns. The border was two hundred and seventy leagues from Cape Verde. Everything to the east went to Portugal, to the west to Spain.
The era of great geographical discoveries continued with expeditions in Indian Ocean... In May 1498, the ships of Vasco da Gama reached the south west coast India. Today it is Kerala state.
At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the islands of Madagascar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka were discovered. The Portuguese gradually entered new markets.
Pacific Ocean
As we mentioned earlier, the era of great geographical discoveries began with the search for a sea route to India. However, after the ships of Vasco da Gama reached its coast, European expansion into the countries of the Far East began.
Here, in the early sixteenth century, the Portuguese discover the markets of the Philippines, China and Japan.
At the other end of the Pacific Ocean, Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama at this time and becomes the first Spaniard to see "the other sea."
The next inevitable step was the development of new spaces, which led to the first circumnavigation of the expedition of Magellan in 1519 - 1522.
Conquistadors
The navigators of the era of great geographical discoveries were not only engaged in the development of new lands. Often, waves of adventurers, entrepreneurs, immigrants followed the pioneers in search of a better life.
After Christopher Columbus first stepped ashore one of the Caribbean islands, thousands of people crossed into the New World. The main reason was the misconception that they had reached India. But after the expectations of the treasure did not come true, the Europeans began to colonize the territories.
Juan de Leon, traveling from Costa Rica, discovered the Florida coast in 1508. Hernán Cortez, on the orders of Velázquez, left Santiago de Cuba, where he was mayor, with a flotilla of eleven ships and five hundred soldiers. He had to conquer the Yucatan aborigines. There, as it turned out, there were two rather powerful states - the empires of the Aztecs and the Mayans.
In August 1521, Cortes captured Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztecs, and renamed it Mexico City. From now on, the empire became part of Spain.
New trade routes
The age of great geographical discoveries has presented Western Europe with unexpected economic opportunities. New sales markets were opened, territories appeared from which treasures and slaves were brought in for a pittance.
Colonization of the western and eastern coasts of Africa, the Asian coast of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific territories allowed the once small states to become world empires.
Japan, Philippines, China are open to European traders. The Portuguese even got their first colony there - Macau.
But the most important thing was that during the expansion to the west and east, the expeditions began to meet. Ships sailing from present-day Chile reached the coasts of Indonesia and the Philippines.
Thus, it was finally proved that our planet has the shape of a ball.
Gradually the sailors mastered the movement of the trade winds, the Gulf Stream. New ship models appeared. As a result of colonization, plantation farms were formed, where they used the labor of slaves.
Australia
The era of great geographical discoveries was not only marked by the search for a way to India. In short, humanity began to become familiar with the planet. When most of the coasts became known, there was only one question. What is lurking in the south so massive that the northern continents do not outweigh it?
According to Aristotle, there was a certain continent - incognita terra australis ("unknown southern land").
After several misleading reports, the Dutchman Janszon finally landed in present-day Queensland in 1603.
And in the forties of the seventeenth century, Abel Tasman discovered Tasmania and New Zealand.
The conquest of Siberia
Not only the exploration of America, Africa and Australia marked the era of great geographical discoveries. The trophy table and the map of the Baikal environs speak of important discoveries made by Russian Cossacks.
So, in 1577 the ataman Ermak, who was financed by the Stroganovs, went to the east of Siberia. During the campaign, he inflicts a heavy defeat on the Siberian Khan Kuchum, but eventually dies in one of the battles.
However, his case was not forgotten. Since the seventeenth century, after the end of the Time of Troubles, the systematic colonization of these lands begins.
The Yenisei is being investigated. Lena, Angara. In 1632 Yakutsk was founded. Subsequently, it will become the most important staging post on the way to the east.
In 1639, Ivan Moskvitin's expedition reaches the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Kamchatka began to be developed only in the eighteenth century.
Results of the era of great geographical discoveries
The significance of the era of the great geographical discoveries is difficult to overestimate.
First, there has been a food revolution. Plants such as corn, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, pineapples and others came to Western Europe. A culture of drinking coffee and tea appears, people are starting to smoke.
Precious metals from the New World quickly flooded the markets of "old Europe". Together with the appearance a large number colonies, the era of imperialism begins.
In the countries of Western Europe, some trading houses are declining and others are taking off. The Netherlands owe its rise to the era of geographical discoveries. Antwerp in the sixteenth century became the main transit port for goods from Asia and America to other European countries.
Thus, in this article, we figured it out in the course of geographical discoveries over two hundred years. We talked about different directions of expeditions, learned the names of famous sailors, as well as the time of discovery of some coasts and islands.
Good luck and new discoveries to you, dear readers!
Each epoch has its own people, who are not limited to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe world given to them. Their whole life is a search. It was thanks to such restless natures that America, Australia, New Zealand and many other points on the map were discovered. And the richest in travelers were in Europe 15-16 centuries - the time of colonization.
Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888)
The future traveler and ethnographer was born in St. Petersburg in the family of an engineer. He was quickly expelled from the university for his participation in the student movement. So he finished his education in Germany. From there he went on his first trip to the Canary Islands, then to Madeira, Morocco, the Red Sea coast. I went there as a fauna researcher, and returned as an ethnographer. He was more interested not in animals and flowers, but in people.
Miklouho-Maclay researched the indigenous population South-East Asia , Australia and the Pacific Islands. He lived for several years on the northwestern coast of New Guinea, visited the islands of Oceania. He made two expeditions to the Malacca Peninsula. Studying the indigenous people of these little-explored lands, the scientist came to the conclusion about the species unity and kinship of different races. Last years he spent his life in Indonesia and Australia and even proposed a project for the Papuan Union in New Guinea. He, according to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe researcher, had to resist the invaders-colonizers. One of his latest ideas - Russian community-artels in New Guinea - an ideal version of the state structure.
The scientist died in his native Petersburg in a hospital bed, numerous expeditions by the age of 42 completely "worn out" the body. Miklouho-Maclay's collections and papers - sixteen notebooks, six thick notebooks, plans, maps, own drawings, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, diaries of different years - were transferred to the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and placed in the museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506)
Christopher Columbus became a real navigator thanks to his father-in-law, the owner of one of the islands in Portugal. Studying geography, Columbus decided that the cherished India can be reached across the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, in those days, a strong Turkey blocked the path to the East, and Europe needed a new road to this land of spices. Only the Spanish crown agreed to sponsor Columbus, and in 1492 three caravels "Santa Maria", "Niña" and "Pinta" went out into the open water. First, the ships headed for the Canary Islands, then westward. Several times the crew demanded a return, but Columbus insisted on his own. As a result, they moored to the island of San Salvador (Guanahani). Then the islands of Juana (present-day Cuba) and Hispaniola (Haiti) were discovered. True, the traveler was sure that they are on the coast washed by the Indian Ocean. He returned to Spain in triumph, and a squadron, consisting of 14 caravels and three merchant ships, set off on a new journey.
But Columbus was not a scientist, but pursued completely selfish goals: to provide for his family and himself. And it affected him further destiny: the indigenous population rebelled. In the colonies, where the main principle was money-grubbing and greed, even the colonialists themselves wrote complaints about Columbus and his brother to Spain. But he did his job - he opened for Europe the archipelago of the Greater Antilles, the mouth of the Orinoco River, Central America. True, until the end of his life he was sure that all this is adjacent to India.
Among the measures, Columbus, in illness and poverty, and even after death, did not find rest. His remains were moved from city to city several times.
Vasco da Gama (1460 - 1524)
Phe was the first to cross the ocean from Portugal to the East. The future discoverer grew up in a noble family in Portugal. He ended up on an expedition to the East instead of his traveling father, who died suddenly. In 1497, his ships left the port. Few believed in the success of the Portuguese. But he did it. Da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and headed for India. Sailors died of scurvy and clashes with Muslim merchants that flooded Africa. They saw the traveler as a competitor. And for good reason. Two years later, the Portuguese brought back ships of spices - one of the most expensive goods at the time.
The second expedition was also successful. At the disposal of Da Gama were already warships to protect themselves from ill-wishers.
The third expedition was the last for Vasco da Gama. He was appointed representative of the royal family in India. But he did not stay in this position for so long. In 1954, he died of a serious illness.
Fernand Magellan (1480-1521)
Born in 1480 in northern Portugal. The first time went to sea in the fleet of Admiral Francisco Almeda. He participated in several expeditions before setting out on his own to look for new routes to the Malay Archipelago in Indonesia. Supported Magellan Spain - she sponsored a trip across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1519, five ships reached South America. The expedition made its way south along the coast of America with sweat and blood. But in 1520 the strait into the Pacific Ocean was found - later it was called Magellanic. A year later, the traveler has already arrived at his destination - to the Moluccas. But in the Philippine Islands, the traveler was dragged into the local war of the leaders, and he was killed. Returning the rest of the crew to their homeland was not easy. Only one ship out of five and 18 out of 200 got there.
James Cook (1728-1779)
Cook was born into the family of an English farm laborer. But he made a career from a simple cabin boy to an expedition leader. Skill, intelligence and ingenuity were quickly appreciated. The first expedition of James Cook began in 1767 on the ship "Endeavor". The official version is the observation of the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun. But in reality, colonial England needed new lands. In addition, among the tasks was the study of the east coast of Australia. During the voyage, Cook did not stop studying cartography and navigation. The result of the expedition was the information that New Zealand - these are two independent islands, and not part of an unknown continent. The scientist also drew a map of the east coast of Australia, discovered the strait between Australia and New Guinea.
The results of the second expedition (1772 - 1775) became even more impressive. New Caledonia, South Georgia, Easter Island, Marquesas Islands, Friendship Island were mapped. Cook's ship crossed the Antarctic Circle.
The third voyage took 4 years. Several others have been investigated. It was on the Hawaiian Islands during one of the conflicts between the natives and the British that James Cook died - a spear was pierced in the back of his head. But evidence that the natives ate Cook has not been found.
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Date: 1488
Who: Bartolomeu Dias, Portuguese navigator
What I discovered: He skirted the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and was the first navigator to enter the Indian Ocean.
Reasons for the expedition: search for new routes to India bypassing Arab countries for the spice trade, search for gold deposits for minting coins in Europe.
Effects: it has been proven that the Indian Ocean is not an inland sea. Areas of gold and ivory mining were discovered on the African coast. A new, albeit too long and difficult for trade, route to the Indian Ocean has been opened. India itself has not yet reached.
Date: 1492, October 12
Who: Christopher Columbus, Italian on a ship flying the Spanish flag
What I discovered: He opened America to Europeans.
Reasons for the expedition: rivalry between Spain and Portugal in the trade of spices and other exotic goods from India. The search by the Spaniards for new sea routes not captured by Portugal.
Effects: colonization of America by Europeans, extermination and conquest of local Indians, the aggressive policy of Europeans in the New World.
Date: 1497-98
Who: Vasco de Gama, Portuguese
What I discovered: The first of the Europeans came to India by sea.
Reasons for the expedition: finding ways to trade spices and other Indian goods in Europe.
Effects: Europeans began to gain a foothold in Malaysia and India, to control markets and trade routes there. The Portuguese build fortresses in Asia, discover new Asian lands and cities, put them on a map, and study Asian life. More reliable information about Asia penetrates Europe. Europe is establishing diplomatic relations with many Asian countries.
Date: 1502-1504
Who: Amerigo Vespucci, learned cartographer, Italian
What I discovered: first discovered that America is not India, as Columbus believed until his death, but a new mainland.
Reasons for the expedition: again spices, and again spices.
Effects: a new continent has appeared on the maps, its shores are relatively accurately delineated. A cultural exchange begins between the Old and New Worlds - new plants, animals and so on are brought in. For example, tomato and potato appear for the first time in Europe.
Date: 1519-22
Who: Fernand Magellan, Spain
What I discovered: the first ever voyage around the world (west from Seville, across the Atlantic Ocean, across the strait to the Pacific Ocean, then across Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, past the coast of Africa - back to Europe).
Reasons for the expedition: the search for ways to the "Spice Islands" in India is shorter and more profitable than the route of Vasco de Gama. Again, the issue of the spice trade.
Effects: proved that the Earth is round. He paved the first sea route through the Pacific Ocean previously unknown to Europeans.
Date: 1603
Who: Willim Janszon, Dutchman
What I discovered: Australia
Reasons for the expedition: search in the southern waters of the mythical "Southern Continent".
Effects: the colonization of Australia by Europeans and the conquest of the native population began. Another continent appears on the world map. The myth of the "Southern Continent" has been finally dispelled.
Date: 1644
Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Russian
What I discovered: the strait between North America and Eurasia, today called the Bering Strait.
Reasons for the expedition: exploring ways for the fur trade in the north.
Effects: it has been proven that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.
The history of mankind has many important events, for example, the great geographical discoveries (GED) played an important role in the history of mankind.
First of all, the data on the geography of the entire territory of the planet changed, new maps were compiled.
Why are great geographical discoveries called great? First of all, because these events led to the establishment of ties among states, as well as the expansion of their territories.
Perhaps not everyone knows the most interesting Facts about outstanding discoverers and navigators. How did you discover new lands? Let's figure it out!
The beginning of the era of great geographical discoveries
Before considering the course of VGO, you need to understand the main reasons. There are 2 main reasons: fragmentation of feudal estates (ruin of their owners) and an increase in the treasury of the rulers.
The VGO is conventionally divided into two stages: European (15-16th century) and Russian (16-20th century).
The European period included:
- discovery of America;
- sea \u200b\u200broute to India (who first discovered India - we will present below);
- exploration of the Pacific Ocean (discovery of Russia by Europe).
Discovery of Alaska by Russian travelers (Vitus Bering and Alexey Chirikov)
During the Russian period, the following events took place:
- development of North America and Australia;
- development of the north of Europe and Asia;
- exploration of the Pacific.
Below we will consider each of the periods in detail, as well as learn many interesting facts. For example, who reached China first or who circled Africa first.
Great travelers and their geographical discoveries
In the table presented, you can see the names of the travelers, the dates of discoveries, what exactly happened during that time period.
| Traveler | date | Opening |
| Marco Polo | 1266 BC | He was the first to reach China. He wrote "A Book on the Diversity of the World", which later made a great impression on many travelers. |
| Bartolomeu Dias | 1488 g. |
|
| Christopher Columbus | 1492 g. | America is discovered. Everyone remembers that Columbus mistook America for the shores of the southern part of India. In 1501, Vespucci discovered Brazil and the mainland South America, which he named after Columbus (the pioneer). |
| Vasco da Gama | 1498 g. | The first to discover India, the first to go around Africa. |
| Vasca Nunens Balboa | 1513 g. |
|
| Fernand Magellan | 1519 - 1522 |
|
| Abel Tasman | 1642 - 1643 |
|
Discoveries of Russian travelers
The table contains data on Russian travelers, dates of events are recorded, short description happening at that time.
| Traveler | date | Opening |
| Sergey Dezhnev | 17th century |
|
| Ivan Moskvitin | 1639 g. | The Pacific coast is open. |
| Vitus Bering and Alexey Chirikov | 1725 – |
|
| Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky | 1803 - 1806 |
|
| Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev | 1819 g. | Discovery of the islands of Antarctica. |
| Gennady Nevelskoy | 1849 - 1855 |
|
| Petr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky | 1856 g. |
|
| Nikolay Przhevalsky | 1870s - 1880s |
|
| Boris Vilkitsky | 1910 – |
|
Recent geographical discoveries of the 21st century
Contemporaries discover the secrets of the last century. Therefore, most of the expeditions explore the territories and waters of Antarctica, the Canary Islands, the waters of the Amazon, the islands between the two continents of America and the territory of the Arctic Ocean.
Gamburtseva Mountains (Antarctic Alps) - ancient mountain system in Antarctica. They were discovered in 1958 by Soviet researchers, but for a long time remained unexplored due to inaccessibility.
The consequences of the great geographical discoveries
Discoverers, travelers and navigators have made a huge contribution to the history of mankind:
- new lands and countries were discovered;
- new trade routes appeared;
- with the help of VGO, the economy acquires a multifaceted character;
- colonization led to confusion of religions, socialization of different cultures. Science begins to develop all over the world;
- population increases and racial mixing occurs.
AMUNDSEN Roal
Travel routes
1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Joa". R. Amundsen was the first to pass the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.
1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition aboard the ship "Fram".
On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four companions on dog sleds reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.
1918-1920 - on the "Mod" ship R. Amundsen sailed across the Arctic Ocean along the shores of Eurasia.
1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile, R. Amundsen made a flight on the Norway airship on the route Spitsbergen - North Pole - Alaska.
1928 - Amundsen was killed while searching for the expedition of U. Nobile that disappeared in the Barents Sea.
Name on the map
The name of the Norwegian traveler is the sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean.
The US Antarctic Science Station is named after the pioneers: "Amundsen-Scott Pole".
Amundsen R. My life. - M .: Geografgiz, 1959 .-- 166 p .: ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Science Fiction).
Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from norv. - M .: Armada, 2002 .-- 384 p .: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).
Bouman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Trans. from norv. - M .: Mol. Guard, 2005 .-- 520 p .: ill. - (People will notice the life).
Y. Golovanov called the chapter dedicated to Amundsen “Travels gave me the happiness of friendship ...” (p. 12-16).
Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tale. - M .: Det. lit., 1989 .-- 542 p .: ill.
Pasetskiy V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - M .: Nauka, 1997 .-- 201 p. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).
Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976 .-- 62 p .: ill.
Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. The man who was called by the sea: The Tale of R. Amundsen: Per. with est. - Tallinn: Eesti raamat, 1988 .-- 244 p .: ill.
Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: A Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1967 .-- 191 p .: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
BELLINSHAUSEN Faddey Faddeevich
Travel routes
1803-1806 - FF Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian round-the-world voyage under the command of IF Kruzenshtern on the ship "Nadezhda". All the maps later included in the "Atlas for a voyage around the world of Captain Krusenstern" were compiled by him.
1819-1821 - F.F.Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.
January 28, 1820 on the sloops "Vostok" (under the command of F.F.Bellingshausen) and "Mirny" (under the command of M.P. Lazarev) Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.
Name on the map
In honor of F.F.Bellingshausen, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica.
The name of the Russian navigator is the Russian Antarctic Scientific Station.
Moroz V. Antarctica: The History of Discovery / Art. E. Orlov. - M .: Bely Gorod, 2001 .-- 47 p .: ill. - (Russian history).
Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2001 .-- 541 p .: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel).
BERING Vitus Ionassen
danish navigator and explorer in the Russian service
Travel routes
1725-1730 - V. Bering headed the 1st Kamchatka Expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually opened the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition aboard the ship "St. Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the strait (now Beringov).
1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern Expedition. Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean aboard the Saint Peter, to Alaska, surveyed and mapped its shores. On the way back during wintering on one of the islands (now the Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.
Name on the map
In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, the islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska.
Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M .: Terra-Kn. club, 2001 .-- 286 p. - (Fatherland).
Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about the Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian sailors in the 18th century under the leadership of V. Bering / Fig. V. Yudin. - M .: Malysh, 1987 .-- 23 p .: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
Pasetskiy V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M .: Nauka, 1982 .-- 174 p .: ill. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).
The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M .: Progress: Pangea, 1992 .-- 188 p .: ill.
Sopotsko A.A. The history of V. Bering's voyage on the boat “St. Gabriel "to the Arctic Ocean. - Moscow: Nauka, 1983 .-- 247 p .: ill.
Chekurov M.V. Mysterious expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, revised, add. - M .: Nauka, 1991 .-- 152 p .: ill. - (Man and the environment).
Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1961 .-- 127 p .: ill. - (People will notice the life).
VAMBERI Arminius (Herman)
hungarian orientalist
Travel routes
1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish across Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.
Vambery A. Journey through Central Asia: Per. with him. - Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2003 .-- 320 p. - (Stories about the countries of the East).
Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Publishing house lit. and isk-va, 1990 .-- 91 p.
Tikhonov N.S. Vambery. - Ed. 14th. - M .: Mysl, 1974 .-- 45 p.: Ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
VANCOUVER George
english navigator
Travel routes
1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver as a cabin boy and midshipman participated in the second and third round-the-world voyages of J. Cook.
1790-1795 - A round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It has been established that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay does not exist.
Name on the map
Several hundred geographical objects are named in honor of J. Vancouver, including an island, a bay, a city, a river, a ridge (Canada), a lake, a cape, a mountain, a city (USA), and a bay (New Zealand).
Malakhovsky K.V. In the new Albion. - Moscow: Nauka, 1990 .-- 123 p .: ill. - (Stories about the countries of the East).
GAMA Vasco yes
portuguese sailor
Travel routes
1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened the sea route to India for the Europeans around the African continent.
1502 - the second expedition to India.
1524 - Vasco da Gama's third expedition, already as Viceroy of India. He died during the expedition.
E.I. Vyazov Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M .: Geografizdat, 1956 .-- 39 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
Camões L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Per. from portug. - M .: EKSMO-Press, 1999 .-- 477 p .: ill. - (Home library of poetry).
Read the poem "Lusiada".
Kent L.E. They went with Vasco da Gama: A Story / Per. from English Z. Bobyr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. Feat of Magellan: East. story. - M .: TERRA: UNIKUM, 1999 .-- S. 194-412.
Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1947 .-- 322 pp., ill. - (People will notice life).
Khazanov A.M. The mystery of Vasco da Gama. - M .: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000. - 152 p .: ill.
Hart G. Sea route to India: A story about the voyages and exploits of Portuguese sailors, as well as about the life and time of Vasco da Gama, admiral, Viceroy of India and Count of Vidigueira: Per. from English. - M .: Geografizdat, 1959 .-- 349 p .: ill.
GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich
russian navigator
Travel routes
1807-1811 - VM Golovnin directs the circumnavigation of the sloop "Diana".
1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research of the Kuril and Shantarskiy Islands, the Tatar Strait.
1817-1819 - circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of a part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.
Name on the map
Several bays, a strait and a seamount, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on Kunashir Island are named after the Russian navigator.
V.M. Golovnin Notes of the fleet of Captain Golovnin about his adventures in captivity with the Japanese in 1811, 1812 and 1813, with the addition of his comments about the Japanese state and people. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1972 .-- 525 p .: ill.
V.M. Golovnin A voyage around the world, made on the military sloop "Kamchatka" in 1817, 1818 and 1819 of the fleet by Captain Golovnin. - M .: Mysl, 1965 .-- 384 p .: ill.
V.M. Golovnin A journey on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka, under the command of the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M .: Geografizdat, 1961. - 480 p .: ill.
Golovanov Y. Etudes about scientists. - M .: Mol. guard, 1983 .-- 415 p .: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Golovnin is called "I feel a lot ..." (pp. 73-79).
Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmov: The Story of G. Uspensky; And before your gaze ...: The experience of the biography of a seaman seafarer: [About VM Golovnin]. - M .: Kniga, 1989. - 332 p .: ill. - (Writers about writers).
Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1968 .-- 206 p .: ill. - (People will notice the life).
Davydov Yu.V. Three admirals: [About DN Senyavin, VM Golovnin, P.S. Nakhimov]. - M .: Izvestia, 1996 .-- 446 p .: ill.
Divin V.A. The story of a glorious navigator. - M .: Mysl ', 1976. - 111 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
Lebedenko A.G. The sails of the ships rustle: Roman. - Odessa: Mayak, 1989 .-- 229 p .: ill. - (Marine library).
Firsov I.I. Twice Captive: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2002 .-- 469 p .: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).
GUMBOLDT Alexander, background
german natural scientist, geographer, traveler
Travel routes
1799-1804 - Expedition to Central and South America.
1829 - travel across Russia: Ural, Altai, Caspian Sea.
Name on the map
Ridges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a row are named after Humboldt. settlements in USA.
A number of plants, minerals and even a crater on the moon are named after the German scientist.
The name of the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt is the university in Berlin.
Zabelin I.M. Return to Descendants: A Novel Study of the Life and Work of A. Humboldt. - M .: Mysl, 1988 .-- 331 p .: ill.
Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1959 .-- 191 p .: ill. - (People will notice the life).
Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. per. with him. G. Shevchenko. - M .: Mol. guard, 1985 .-- 239 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).
Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich
(c. 1605-1673)
russian pathfinder, navigator
Travel routes
1638-1648 - SI Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Yana River, on Oymyakon and Kolyma.
1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I.Dezhnev and F.A. Popov rounded the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Anadyr Bay. This is how the strait between the two continents was discovered, which was later named Bering.
Name on the map
A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.
Bakhrevsky V.A. Semyon Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khailova. - M .: Malysh, 1984 .-- 24 p .: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
Bakhrevsky V.A. Walking to meet the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Book. publishing house, 1986 .-- 190 p .: ill. - (Siberia related destinies).
Belov M. The feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M .: Mysl, 1973 .-- 223 p .: ill.
Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev - pioneer: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2002 .-- 444 p .: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).
Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1990 .-- 334 p .: ill. - (People will notice the life).
V. N. Kedrov To the End of the World: East. story. - L .: Lenizdat, 1986 .-- 285 p.: Ill.
Markov S.N. Tamo-rus Maclay: Stories. - M .: Sov. writer, 1975 .-- 208 p .: ill.
Read the story "Dezhnev's Feat".
Nikitin N.I. Pathfinder Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M .: Rosspen, 1999 .-- 190 p .: ill.
DRAKE Francis
english navigator and pirate
Travel routes
1567 - F. Drake took part in J. Hawkins' expedition to the West Indies.
Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean.
1577-1580 - F. Drake headed the second round the world voyage of Europeans after Magellan.
Name on the map
The broadest strait on the globeconnecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; Artist. L. Durasov. - M .: Bely Gorod, 1996 .-- 62 p .: ill. - (History of piracy).
Malakhovsky K.V. Round-the-world race "Golden Doe". - M .: Nauka, 1980 .-- 168 p .: ill. - (Countries and peoples).
The same story can be found in K. Malakhovsky's collection "Five Captains".
Mason F. van W. Gold Admiral: Roman: Trans. from English. - M .: Armada, 1998 .-- 474 p \u200b\u200b.: ill. - (Great pirates in novels).
Mueller V.K. Queen Elizabeth's Pirate: Per. from English. - SPb .: LENKO: Gangut, 1993 .-- 254 p .: ill.
DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar
french navigator and oceanographer
Travel routes
1826-1828 - a circumnavigation of the world aboard the Astrolabe, which resulted in the mapping of part of the shores of New Zealand and New Guinea, and surveyed island groups in the Pacific Ocean. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-Durville discovered traces of the dead expedition of J. La Perouse.
1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.
Name on the map
The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.
The French scientific Antarctic station is named after Dumont-D'Urville.
Varshavsky A.S. Dumont-D'Urville's Journey. - M .: Mysl, 1977. - 59 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
The fifth part of the book is called “Captain Dumont Durville and his belated find” (pp. 483-504).
IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad
ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji
arab traveler, itinerant merchant
Travel routes
1325-1349 - leaving Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta visited Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then through Central Asia and Afghanistan he arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.
1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.
1352-1353 biennium - travel to Western and Central Sudan.
At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scientist named Juzai, wrote the book "Rihla", where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he collected during his travels.
Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M .: Nauka, 1988 .-- 126 p .: ill.
Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M .: Mysl, 1974 .-- 78 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 230 p .: ill. - (People will notice the life).
COLUMBUS Christopher
portuguese and Spanish navigator
Travel routes
1492-1493 - H. Columbus headed the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on the three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Niña", the Sargasso Sea was discovered, Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti.
October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.
During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coast of the South and Central America and the Caribbean.
Until the end of his life, Columbus was confident that he had reached India.
Name on the map
The state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the United States bear the name of Christopher Columbus.
There is Columbia University in the United States of America.
Travels of Christopher Columbus: Diaries, letters, documents / Per. with Spanish and comments. I. Sveta. - M .: Geografizdat, 1961 .-- 515 p.: Ill.
Blasco Ibanez V. In Search of the Great Khan: Roman: Per. with Spanish - Kaliningrad: Book. publishing house, 1987 .-- 558 p .: ill. - (Sea romance).
Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Per. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997 .-- S. 3-144.
Irving V. The history of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Per. from English. // Irving V. Sobr. cit .: In 5 volumes: T. 3, 4. - M .: Terra - Book. club, 2002-2003.
Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Artist A. Chauzov. - M .: Bely Gorod, 2003 .-- 63 p .: ill. - (Historical novel).
Kovalevskaya O.T. The admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, without knowing it, discovered New World, which was later called America / Lit. processing by T. Pesotskaya; Artist. N.Koshkin, G.Alexandrova, A.Skorikov. - M .: Interbook, 1997 .-- 18 p .: ill. - (The greatest travels).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narration. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000 .-- 415 p .: ill. - (Life of people noticed: Biogr. Library of F. Pavlenkov).
Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Journey to Cathay: Per. from English. - M .: Patriot, 1992 .-- 407 p .: ill.
Lange P.V. The Great Wanderer: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Per. with him. - M .: Mysl, 1984 .-- 224 p.: Ill.
Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M .: Geografizdat, 1956 .-- 35 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
Reifman L. From the harbor of hopes to the seas of anxiety: The Life and Times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - SPb .: Lyceum: Soyuzteatr, 1992 .-- 302 p .: ill.
Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - SPb .: Publishing house of Saint Petersburg. un-ta, 1994. - 92 p .: ill.
Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Per. from English. - M .: Republic, 1992 .-- 286 p.
Light Ya.M. Columbus. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1973 .-- 368 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).
V.A. Subbotin Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M .: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p .: ill.
Chronicles of the discovery of America: New Spain: Book. 1: East. documents: Per. with Spanish - M .: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p .: ill. - (Bk Latin America).
Shishova Z.K. Great voyage: East. novel. - M .: Det. lit., 1972 .-- 336 p .: ill.
Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Per. from the Swede. L. Zhdanova. - M .: Progress, 1986 .-- 361 p .: ill.
KRASHENINNIKOV Stepan Petrovich
russian naturalist, first explorer of Kamchatka
Travel routes
1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of Academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737 Krasheninnikov went to Kamchatka on his own, where until June 1741 he conducted research, on the basis of which he subsequently compiled the first "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).
Name on the map
An island near Kamchatka, a cape on the Karaginsky island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoye are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.
Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 volumes - Reprint. ed. - SPb .: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.
Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M .: Det. lit., 1987 .-- 303 p .: ill.
Mikson I.L. The person who ...: East. story. - L .: Det. lit., 1989 .-- 208 p .: ill.
Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M .: Mysl, 1974 .-- 60 p.: Ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
Eidelman N. Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean ?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M .: Malysh, 1984 .-- 28 p .: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
Kruzenshtern Ivan Fyodorovich
russian navigator, admiral
Travel routes
1803-1806 - IF Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". I.F.Kruzenshtern - author of the "Atlas of the South Sea" (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)
Name on the map
The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern bears the strait in the northern part Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korea Strait.
Kruzenshtern I.F. Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". - Vladivostok: Far East. book publishing house, 1976. - 392 p .: ill. - (Far Eastern history library).
B.V. Zabolotskikh For glory russian flag: The story of I.F.Kruzenshtern, who led the first trip of Russians around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotsebu, who made an unparalleled voyage on the brig "Rurik" in 1815-1818. - M .: Autopan, 1996 .-- 285 s: ill.
B.V. Zabolotskikh Petrovsky Fleet: East. essays; To the Glory of the Russian Flag: A Story; The second journey of Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M .: Klassika, 2002 .-- 367 p .: ill.
Pasetskiy V.M. Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern. - M .: Nauka, 1974 .-- 176 p.: Ill.
Firsov I.I. Russian Columbus: The History of the Expedition around the World by I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001 .-- 426 p .: ill. - (Great geographic discoveries).
Chukovsky N.K. Captain Kruzenshtern: A Story. - M .: Bustard, 2002 .-- 165 p .: ill. - (Honor and courage).
Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M .: Detgiz, 1954 .-- 224 p .: ill.
COOK James
english navigator
Travel routes
1768-1771 - A round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Endeavor" under the command of J. Cook. The island position of New Zealand was determined, the Great Barrier Reef and the east coast of Australia were discovered.
1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition led by Cook on the ship "Resolution" (to find and map the southern continent) was not achieved. As a result of searches, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, South Georgia were discovered.
1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" aimed to find the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. No passage was found, but it was opened Hawaiian Islands and part of the Alaska coast. On the way back J. Cook was killed on one of the islands by the natives.
Name on the map
The name of the English navigator named the most high mountain New Zealand, Gulf in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and South Islands New Zealand.
James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world: Voyage on the ship "Endeavor" in 1768-1771. / J. Cook. - M .: Geografizdat, 1960. - 504 p .: ill.
James Cook's Second Round the World Voyage: Voyage to the South Pole and Around the World in 1772-1775. / J. Cook. - M .: Mysl, 1964 .-- 624 p .: ill. - (Geogr. Ser.).
James Cook's Third Round the World Voyage: Swimming in the Pacific Ocean 1776-1780 / J. Cook. - M .: Mysl, 1971. - 636 p .: ill.
Vladimirov V.I. Cook. - M .: Iskra of revolution, 1933 .-- 168 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).
Maclean A. Captain Cook: A History of Geogr. discoveries of the great navigator: Per. from English. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001 .-- 155 p .: ill. - (Great geographic discoveries).
Middleton H. Captain Cook: The famous navigator: Per. from English. / Ill. A. Marx. - M .: ASKON, 1998 .-- 31 p .: ill. - (Great names).
Light Ya.M. James Cook. - M .: Mysl, 1979 .-- 110 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
Chukovsky N.K. Frigate Drivers: A Book of Great Navigators. - M .: ROSMEN, 2001 .-- 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).
The first part of the book is titled "Captain James Cook and His Three Voyages around the World" (p. 7-111).
LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich
russian naval commander and navigator
Travel routes
1813-1816 - round-the-world voyage on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back.
1819-1821 - commanding the sloop "Mirny", MP Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F.Bellingshausen.
1822-1824 - MP Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Cruiser".
Name on the map
The name of M.P. Lazarev named the sea in Atlantic Ocean, ice shelf and underwater trench in East Antarctica, a village on the Black Sea coast.
The Russian Antarctic research station also bears the name of M.P. Lazarev.
Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1966 .-- 176 p .: ill. - (People will notice the life).
Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M .: Mysl, 1988 .-- 238 p .: ill.
Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarin: A Novel. - M .: Armada, 1998 .-- 417 p .: ill. - (Russian generals).
LIVINGSTON David
english African explorer
Travel routes
Since 1841 - numerous travels in the interior regions of South and Central Africa.
1849-1851 - exploration of the Ngami Lake area.
1851-1856 - exploration of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.
1858-1864 - exploration of the Zambezi River, Chilva and Nyasa lakes.
1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.
Name on the map
Waterfalls on the Congo River and a city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.
Livingston D. Travels in South Africa: Per. from English. / Ill. the author. - M .: EKSMO-Press, 2002 .-- 475 p .: ill. - (Wind rose: Ages; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).
Livingston D., Livingston C. Journey through the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Per. from English. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001 .-- 460 p .: ill.
Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M .: Mol. guard, 1938 .-- 376 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).
Votte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Per. with him. - M .: Mysl, 1984 .-- 271 p.: Ill.
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narration. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000 .-- 415 p .: ill. - (Life of people noticed: Biogr. Library of F. Pavlenkov).
MAGELLAN Fernand
(c. 1480-1521)
portuguese sailor
Travel routes
1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first round-the-world voyage in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, overcame the strait, later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached Philippine Islands... In one of them, Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by JS Elcano, thanks to which the only one of the ships ("Victoria") and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the coast of Spain.
Name on the map
The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland South America and the archipelago Tierra del Fuego, connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Boytsov M.A. Magellan's Way / Art. S. Boyko. - M .: Malysh, 1991 .-- 19 p.: Ill.
Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1940 .-- 304 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).
Lange P.V. Like the sun: The life of F. Magellan and the first voyage around the world: Per. with him. - M .: Progress, 1988 .-- 237 p .: ill.
Pigafetta A. The Journey of Magellan: Per. with it .; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first navigator around the world: Per. from English. - M .: Mysl, 2000 .-- 302 p.: Ill. - (Travel and Travelers).
V.A. Subbotin Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M .: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p .: ill.
Travinsky V.M. Navigator's Star: Magellan: East. story. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1969 .-- 191 p .: ill.
Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Art. A. Ostromentsky. - M .: Interbook, 1997 .-- 18 p .: ill. - (The greatest travels).
Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Per. with him. - M .: AST, 2001 .-- 317 p .: ill. - (World classics).
MIKLUKHO-MAKLAY Nikolay Nikolaevich
russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea
Travel routes
1866-1867 - travel to the Canary Islands and Morocco.
1871-1886 - study of the indigenous people of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the North-East coast of New Guinea.
Name on the map
The Miklouho-Maclay Coast is located in New Guinea.
The Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences also bears the name of Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay.
The Man from the Moon: Diaries, Articles, Letters of N.N. Miklukho-Maclay. - M .: Mol. guard, 1982 .-- 336 p .: ill. - (Arrow).
Balandin R.K. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay: Book. for students / Fig. the author. - M .: Education, 1985. - 96 p .: ill. - (People of Science).
Golovanov Y. Etudes about scientists. - M .: Mol. guard, 1983 .-- 415 p .: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is titled “I foresee no end to my travels ...” (p. 233-236).
Grinop F.S. About the one who wandered alone: \u200b\u200bPer. from English. - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- 260 p.: Ill.
Kolesnikov M.S. Miklukho Maclay. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1965 .-- 272 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).
Markov S.N. Tamo - rus Maclay: Stories. - M .: Sov. writer, 1975 .-- 208 p .: ill.
Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay !: Story. - M .: Det. lit., 1987 .-- 48 p .: ill.
Putilov B.N. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M .: Progress, 1985 .-- 280 p .: ill.
Tynyanova L.N. A Friend from Far Away: A Story. - M .: Det. lit., 1976 .-- 332 p .: ill.
NANSEN Fridtjof
norwegian polar explorer
Travel routes
1888 - F. Nansen made the first ever ski crossing through Greenland.
1893-1896 - Nansen on the ship "Fram" carried out a drift across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Spitsbergen archipelago. As a result of the expedition, an extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen was unable to reach the North Pole.
1900 - an expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.
Name on the map
The submarine basin and the underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographic objects in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.
Nansen F. To the country of the future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia through the Kara Sea / Author. per. from norv. A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Book. publishing house, 1982 .-- 335 p .: ill.
Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book "Through the Caucasus to the Volga": Per. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. publishing house, 1981. - 54 p .: ill.
Nansen F. "Fram" in the polar sea: In 2 hours: Per. from norv. - M .: Geografizdat, 1956.
Kublitsky G.I. Fridtjof Nansen: His Life and Extraordinary Adventures. - M .: Det. lit., 1981 .-- 287 p .: ill.
Nansen-Heyer L. Book about the father: Per. from norv. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986 .-- 512 p .: ill.
Pasetskiy V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - Moscow: Nauka, 1986 .-- 335 p .: ill. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).
Sannes T.B. "Fram": The Adventures of Polar Expeditions: Per. with him. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1991 .-- 271 p .: ill. - (See the ships).
Talanov A. Nansen. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1960 .-- 304 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).
Holt K. Competition: [On the expeditions of R. F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Wandering: [About the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Transl. from norv. L. Zhdanova. - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p .: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).
Please note that this book (attached) contains an essay by the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl "Fridtjof Nansen: A Hot Heart in a Cold World."
Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. What will you become, Fridtjof: [The Stories of F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kiev: Dnipro, 1982 .-- 502 p .: ill.
Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Per. from English. - M .: Progress, 1986 .-- 206 p .: ill.
NIKITIN Afanasy
(? - 1472 or 1473)
russian merchant, traveler in Asia
Travel routes
1466-1472 - A. Nikitin's journey across the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at a Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin composed a description of his travels and adventures - "Walking across the three seas".
Nikitin A. Voyage across the Three Seas Afanasy Nikitin. - L .: Nauka, 1986 .-- 212 p.: Ill. - (Lit. monuments).
Nikitin A. Voyage across the Three Seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Skaz, 2004 .-- 118 p .: ill.
Varzhapetyan V.V. The story of a merchant, a piebald horse and a talking bird / Fig. N. Nepomnyashchy. - M .: Det. lit., 1990 .-- 95 p .: ill.
Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Afanasy Nikitin. - M .: Mysl, 1972 .-- 118 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
All peoples have one essence: [Sat]. - M .: Sirin, B.g. - 466 p .: ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, stories, documents).
The collection includes the novel by V. Pribytkov "The Tver Guest" and the book by Afanasy Nikitin himself "Walking over the Three Seas".
Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of the Russian stranger: Nikitin: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2003 .-- 424 p.: Ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).
Kachaev Yu.G. Beyond the Lands / Fig. M. Romadina. - M .: Malysh, 1982 .-- 24 p .: ill.
Kunin K.I. Beyond Three Seas: The Journey of the Tver Merchant Afanasy Nikitin: East. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Skaz, 2002 .-- 199 p .: ill. - (Treasured Pages).
Murashova K. Afanasy Nikitin: The Tale of the Tver Merchant / Art. A. Chauzov. - M .: Bely Gorod, 2005 .-- 63 p .: ill. - (Historical novel).
Semenov L.S. Journey of Afanasy Nikitin. - M .: Nauka, 1980 .-- 145 p.: Ill. - (History of Science and Technology).
A.P. Soloviev Walking the Three Seas: A Novel. - M .: Terra, 1999 .-- 477 p. - (Fatherland).
Tager E.M. The Story of Afanasy Nikitin. - L .: Det. lit., 1966 .-- 104 p .: ill.
PIRI Robert Edwin
american polar explorer
Travel routes
1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.
From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.
Finally, R. Peary announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the traveler's death, when, according to his will, the expedition's diaries were declassified, it turned out that Piri could not actually reach the Pole, he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.
Name on the map
The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Piri Land.
Piri R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M .: Mysl, 1981. - 599 p .: ill.
Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov "Robert Peary and the Conquest of the North Pole" (p. 225-242).
Piri R. North Pole / Transl. from English. L. Petkevichyute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988 .-- 239 p .: ill. - (World of discoveries).
G.V. Karpov Robert Peary. - M .: Geografizdat, 1956 .-- 39 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
POLO Marco
(about 1254-1324)
venetian merchant, traveler
Travel routes
1271-1295 - M. Polo's journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.
The Venetian's recollections of his wanderings in the East made up the famous Book of Marco Polo (1298), which for almost 600 years remained for the West the most important source of information about China and other Asian countries.
Polo M. Book about the diversity of the world / Per. with the old man. I.P. Minaeva; Preface H.L. Borges. - SPb .: Amphora, 1999 .-- 381 p .: ill. - (Personal library of Borges).
Polo M. Book of Miracles: Excerpt from the "Book of Wonders of the World" from Nat. libraries of France: Per. with fr. - Moscow: Bely Gorod, 2003 .-- 223 p.: Ill.
Davidson E., Davis G. Son of the Sky: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Transl. from English. M. Kondratyev. - SPb .: ABC: Terra - Book. club, 1997 .-- 397 p. - (New Earth: Fantasy).
A fantasy novel about the wanderings of a Venetian merchant.
Meink V. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [East. story] / Abbr. per. with him. L. Lungina. - SPb .: Brask: Epoch, 1993 .-- 303 p .: ill. - (Version).
Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian Merchant: How Marco Polo Wandered the East a quarter of a century ago and wrote famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe / Art. I. Oleinikov. - M .: Interbook, 1997 .-- 18 p .: ill. - (The greatest travels).
Pronin V. The Life of the Great Venetian Traveler Messer Marco Polo / Artist. Y.Saevich. - M .: Kron-Press, 1993 .-- 159 p .: ill.
Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: The Venetian Wanderer / Artist A. Chauzov. - M .: Bely Gorod, 2004 .-- 63 p .: ill. - (Historical novel).
Hart G. Venetian Marco Polo: Per. from English. - M .: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999 .-- 303 p. - (Portraits).
Shklovsky V.B. Land scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1969 .-- 223 p .: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Ayrs J. Marco Polo: Trans. with fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998 .-- 348 p .: ill. - (Mark on history).
PRZHEVALSKY Nikolay Mikhailovich
russian geographer, explorer of Central Asia
Travel routes
1867-1868 - research expeditions across the Amur region and the Ussuri region.
1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.
N.M. Przhevalsky presented the scientific results of the expeditions in a number of books that give a detailed description of the relief, climate, flora and fauna of the studied territories.
Name on the map
The name of the Russian geographer is a ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan).
The wild horse, first described by the scientist, is called the Przewalski's horse.
Przhevalsky N.M. Travel in the Ussuriysk region, 1867-1869 - Vladivostok: Far East. book publishing house, 1990. - 328 p .: ill.
Przhevalsky N.M. Travels in Asia. - M .: Armada-press, 2001 .-- 343 p .: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).
Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Mosk. worker: Smolenskoe department, 1989. - 143 p .: ill.
Golovanov Y. Etudes about scientists. - M .: Mol. guard, 1983 .-- 415 p .: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Przhevalsky is called "The exclusive good is freedom ..." (p. 272-275).
Grimailo Ya.V. Great Ranger: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - Kiev: Molod, 1989. - 314 p .: ill.
Kozlov I.V. The great traveler: Life and work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia. - M .: Mysl, 1985. - 144 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narration. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000 .-- 415 p .: ill. - (Life of people noticed: Biogr. Library of F. Pavlenkov).
Acceleration L.E. "Ascetics are needed like the sun ..." // Dispersal of L.E. Seven lives. - M .: Det. lit., 1992 .-- S. 35-72.
Repin L.B. "And again I come back ...": Przhevalsky: Pages of life. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 175 p .: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1950 .-- 175 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).
B.V. Yusov N.M. Przhevalsky: Book. for students. - M .: Education, 1985 .-- 95 p .: ill. - (People of Science).
PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich
russian navigator
Travel routes
1735-1736 - V.V. Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. The detachment under his command surveyed the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Faddey (Taimyr).
Name on the map
The name of V.V. Pronchishchev is part of east coast Taimyr peninsula, ridge (upland) in the northwest of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea.
Golubev G.N. "To the descendants for the news ...": Ist.-doc. story. - M .: Det. lit., 1986 .-- 255 p .: ill.
Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune Leads: East. story. - M .: Det. lit., 1990 .-- 270 p .: ill.
SEMENOV-TYAN-SHANSKY Petr Petrovich
(until 1906 - Semenov)
russian scientist, researcher of Asia
Travel routes
1856-1857 - expedition to the Tien Shan.
1888 - an expedition to Turkestan and the Trans-Caspian region.
Name on the map
A ridge in Nanshan, a glacier and a peak in the Tien Shan, mountains in Alaska and Spitsbergen are named after Semenov-Tyan-Shansk.
Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Travel to the Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M .: Geografgiz, 1958 .-- 277 p .: ill.
Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: Stories. - Moscow: Sovremennik, 1983 .-- 320 p .: ill.
Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1965 .-- 304 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).
Antoshko Y., Soloviev A. At the origins of Yaxart. - M .: Mysl ', 1977. - 128 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
Dyadyuchenko L.B. The Pearl in the Wall of the Barracks: A Novel Chronicle. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986 .-- 218 p .: ill.
Kozlov I.V. Petr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky. - M .: Education, 1983 .-- 96 p .: ill. - (People of Science).
I.V. Kozlov, A.V. Kozlova Petr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - M .: Nauka, 1991 .-- 267 p .: ill. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).
Acceleration L.E. Tyan-Shansky // Acceleration of L.E. Seven lives. - M .: Det. lit., 1992 .-- S. 9-34.
SCOTT Robert Falcon
english explorer of Antarctica
Travel routes
1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition aboard the ship "Discovery". As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.
1910-1912 - R. Scott's expedition to Antarctica aboard the Terra-Nova spacecraft.
On January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen) Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all the travelers were killed.
Name on the map
An island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the western coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains in Enderby Land are named after Robert Scott.
The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the first conquerors of the South Pole - "Amundsen-Scott Pole".
The New Zealand Science Station on the Ross Sea in Antarctica and the Polar Research Institute in Cambridge are also named after the polar traveler.
The last expedition of R. Scott: Personal diaries of Captain R. Scott, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M .: Geografizdat, 1955 .-- 408 p.: Ill.
Golovanov Y. Etudes about scientists. - M .: Mol. guard, 1983 .-- 415 p .: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Scott is called "Fight to the last crust ..." (pp. 290-293).
Ladlem G. Captain Scott: Per. from English. - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989 .-- 287 p.: Ill.
Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: Northern Party of R. Scott's Expedition: Trans. from English. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985 .-- 360 p .: ill.
Holt K. Contest; Wandering: Per. from norv. - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p .: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).
Cherry-Garrard E. The most horrible journey: Per. from English. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991 .-- 551 p .: ill.
STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton
(real name and surname - John Rowlend s)
journalist, African explorer
Travel routes
1871-1872 - GM Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald, took part in the search for the missing D. Livingston. The expedition was successful: the great explorer of Africa was found at Lake Tanganyika.
1874-1877 - G.M. Stanley crosses the African continent twice. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, searches for the source of the Nile.
1887-1889 - G.M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.
Name on the map
In honor of G.M. Stanley, waterfalls in the upper reaches of the Congo River are named.
Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Per. from English. - M .: Geografizdat, 1958 .-- 446 p .: ill.
G.V. Karpov Henry Stanley. - M .: Geografgiz, 1958 .-- 56 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narration. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000 .-- 415 p .: ill. - (Life of people noticed: Biogr. Library of F. Pavlenkov).
KHABAROV Erofei Pavlovich
(c. 1603, according to other data, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other data, after 1671)
russian pathfinder and navigator, explorer of the Amur region
Travel routes
1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, made a "Drawing for the Amur River".
Name on the map
A city and a region in the Far East, as well as the Erofei Pavlovich railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway, are named after the Russian explorer.
Leontieva G.A. Pathfinder Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov: Book. for students. - M .: Education, 1991 .-- 143 p.: Ill.
Romanenko D.I. Erofey Khabarov: Novel. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1990 .-- 301 p .: ill. - (Far East library).
Safronov F.G. Erofey Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1983 .-- 32 p.
SHMIDT Otto Yulievich
russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer
Travel routes
1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and headed the expedition on the ship "Georgiy Sedov" to Severnaya Zemlya.
1932 - the expedition led by O.Yu. Schmidt on the Sibiryakov icebreaker managed for the first time to pass from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka in one navigation.
1933-1934 - O.Yu.Schmidt was in charge of the northern expedition on the steamer "Chelyuskin". The ship captured by ice was crushed by ice and sank. The members of the expedition, who had been drifting on ice floes for several months, were rescued by pilots.
Name on the map
An island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the Novaya Zemlya peninsula, one of the peaks and a pass in the Pamirs, a plain in Antarctica bear the name of O.Yu. Schmidt.
Voskoboinikov V.M. On an ice hike. - M .: Malysh, 1989 .-- 39 p .: ill. - (Legendary heroes).
Voskoboinikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic. Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1975 .-- 192 p .: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Duel I.I. Life line: Docum. story. - M .: Politizdat, 1977 .-- 128 p .: ill. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).
Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu. Schmidt: Book. for students. - M .: Education, 1992 .-- 158 p .: ill. - (People of Science).
Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and Activity: Sat. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959 .-- 470 p .: ill.
L.V. Matveeva Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M .: Nauka, 1993 .-- 202 p .: ill. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).